Linux Kernel核心中文手册 15-1

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7. If, as a consequence of a court judgment or allegation of patent infringement

or for any other reason (not limited to patent issues), conditions are imposed

on you (whether by court order, agreement or otherwise) that contradict the

conditions of this License, they do not excuse you from the conditions of this

License. If you cannot distribute so as to satisfy simultaneously your obligations

under this License and any other pertinent obligations, then as a consequence

you may not distribute the Program at all. For example, if a patent license

would not permit royalty-free redistribution of the Program by all those who

receive copies directly or indirectly through you, then the only way you could

satisfy both it and this License would be to refrain entirely from distribution

of the Program.

If any portion of this section is held invalid or unenforceable under any par-

ticular circumstance, the balance of the section is intended to apply and the

section as a whole is intended to apply in other circumstances.

It is not the purpose of this section to induce you to infringe any patents or

other property right claims or to contest validity ofany such claims; this section

has the sole purpose of protecting the integrity of the free software distribution

system, which isimplemented by public license practices. Many people have

made generous contributions to the wide range of software distributed through

that system in reliance on consistent application of that system; it is up to the

author/donor to decide if he or she is willing to distribute software through

any other system and a licensee cannot impose that choice.

This section is intended to make thoroughly clear what is believed to be a

consequence of the rest of this License.

8. If the distribution and/or use of the Program is restricted in certain countries

either by patents or by copyrighted interfaces, the original copyright holder

who places the Program under this License may add an explicit geographical

distribution limitation excluding those countries, so that distribution is permit-

ted only in or among countries not thus excluded. In such case, this License

incorporates the limitation as if written in the body of this License.

9. The Free Software Foundation may publish revised and/or new versions of the

General Public License from time to time. Such new versions will be similar in

spirit to the present version, but may differ in detail to address new problems

or concerns.

Each version is given a distinguishing version number. If the Program specifies

a version number of this License which applies to it and \any later version", you

have the option of following the terms and conditions either of that version or

of any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. If the Program

does not specify a version number of this License, you may choose any version

ever published by the Free Software Foundation.

10. If you wish to incorporate parts of the Program into other free programs whose

distribution conditions are different, write to the author to ask for permission.

For software which is copyrighted by the Free Software Foundation, write to the

Free Software Foundation; we sometimes make exceptions for this. Our decision

will be guided by the two goals of preserving the free status of all derivatives of

our free software and of promoting the sharing and reuse of software generally.

NO WARRANTY

11. BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE

IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMIT-

TED BY APPLICABLE LAW. EXCEPT WHEN OTHERWISE STATED

IN WRITING THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND/OR OTHER PARTIES

PROVIDE THE PROGRAM \AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY

KIND, EITHER EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIM-

ITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND

FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. THE ENTIRE RISK AS TO

THE QUALITY AND PERFORMANCE OF THE PROGRAM IS WITH

YOU. SHOULD THE PROGRAM PROVE DEFECTIVE, YOU ASSUME

THE COST OF ALL NECESSARY SERVICING, REPAIR OR CORREC-

TION.

12. IN NO EVENT UNLESS REQUIRED BY APPLICABLE LAWOR AGREED

TO IN WRITING WILL ANY COPYRIGHT HOLDER, OR ANY OTHER

PARTY WHO MAY MODIFY AND/OR REDISTRIBUTE THE PROGRAM

AS PERMITTED ABOVE, BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR DAMAGES, IN-

CLUDING ANY GENERAL, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUEN-

TIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE

THE PROGRAM (INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO LOSS OF DATA

OR DATA BEING RENDERED INACCURATE OR LOSSES SUSTAINED

BY YOU OR THIRD PARTIES OR A FAILURE OF THE PROGRAM TO

OPERATE WITH ANY OTHER PROGRAMS), EVEN IF SUCH HOLDER

OR OTHER PARTY HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF

SUCH DAMAGES.

END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS

D.3 Appendix: How to Apply These Terms to Your

New Programs

If you develop a new program, and you want it to be of the greatest possible use to

the public, the best way toachieve this is to make itfree software which everyone

can redistribute and change under these terms.

To do so, attach the following notices to the program. It is safest to attach them

to the start of each source file to most effectively convey the exclusion of warranty;

and each file should have at least the \copyright" line and a pointer to where the full

notice is found.

hone line to give the program's name and a brief idea of what it does.i

Copyright c 19yy hname of authori

This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it

under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the

Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your

option) any later version.

This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITH-

OUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MER-

CHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See

the GNU General Public License for more details.

You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along

with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,

675 Mass Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

Also add information on how to contact you by electronic and paper mail.

If the program is interactive, make it output a short notice like this when it starts

in an interactive mode:

Gnomovision version 69, Copyright (C) 19yy name of author Gnomovision

comes with ABSOLUTELY NO WARRANTY; for details type `show w'. This

is free software, and you are welcome to redistribute it under certain

conditions; type `show c' for details.

The hypothetical commands `show w' and `show c' should show the appropriate

parts of the General Public License. Of course, the commands you use may be called

something other than `show w' and `show c'; they could even be mouse-clicks or

menu items{whatever suits your program.

You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or your school, if

any, to sign a \copyright disclaimer" for the program, if necessary. Here is a sample;

alter the names:

Yoyodyne, Inc., hereby disclaims all copyright interest in the program

`Gnomovision' (which makes passes at compilers) written by James Hacker.

hsignature of Ty Cooni, 1 April 1989 Ty Coon, President of Vice

This General Public License does not permit incorporating your program into pro-

prietary programs. If your program is a subroutine library, you may consider it more

useful to permit linking proprietary applications with the library. If this is what you

want to do, use the GNU Library General Public License instead of this License.

　

　

Glossary （名词表）

Argument Functions and routines are passed arguments to process.

ARP Address Resolution Protocol. Used to translate IP addresses into physical

hardware addresses.

Ascii American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Each letter of the

alphabet is represented by an 8 bit code. Ascii is most often used to store

written characters.

Bit A single bit of data that represents either 1 or 0 (on or off).

Bottom Half Handler Handlers for work queued within the kernel.

Byte 8 bits of data,

C A high level programming language. Most of the Linux kernel is written in C.

CPU Central Processing Unit. The main engine of the computer, see also micro-

processor and processor.

Data Structure This is a set of data in memory comprised of fields,

Device Driver The software controlling a particular device, for example the NCR

810 device driver controls the NCR 810 SCSI device.

DMA Direct Memory Access.

ELF Executable and Linkable Format. This object file format designed by the Unix

System Laboratories is now firmly established as the most commonly used

format in Linux.

EIDE Extended IDE.

Executable image A structured file containing machine instructions and data.

This file can be loaded into a process's virtual memory and executed. See

also program.

Function A piece of software that performs an action. For example, returning the

bigger of two numbers.

IDE Integrated Disk Electronics.

Image See executable image.

IP Internet Protocol.

IPC Interprocess Communiction.

Interface A standard way of calling routines and passing data structures. For

example, the interface between two layers of code might be expressed in terms

of routines that pass and return a particular data structure. Linux's VFS is a

good example of an interface.

IRQ Interrupt Request Queue.

ISA Industry Standard Architecture. This is a standard, although now rather dated,

data bus interface for system components such as oppy disk drivers.

Kernel Module A dynamically loaded kernel function such as a filesystem or a

device driver.

Kilobyte A thousand bytes of data, often written as Kbyte,

Megabyte A million bytes of data, often written as Mbyte,

Microprocessor A very integrated CPU. Most modern CPUs are Microprocessors.

Module A file containing CPU instructions in the form of either assembly language

instructions or a high level language like C.

Object file A fille containing machine code and data that has not yet been linked

with other object files or libraries to become an executable image.

Page Physical memory is divided up into equal sized pages.

Pointer A location in memory that contains the address of another location in

memory,

Process This is an entity which can execute programs. A process could be thought

of as a program in action.

Processor Short for Microprocessor, equivalent toCPU.

PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect. A standard describing how the peripheral

components of a computer system may be connected together.

Peripheral An intelligent processor that does work on behalf of the system's CPU.

For example, an IDE controller chip,

Program A coherent set of CPU instructions that performs a task, such as printing

\hello world". See also executable image.

Protocol A protocol is a networking language used to transfer application data

between two cooperating processes or network layers.

Register A location within a chip, used to store information or instructions.

Routine Similar to a function except that, strictly speaking, routines do not return

values.

SCSI Small Computer Systems Interface.

Shell This is a program which acts as an interface between the operating system

and a human user. Also called a command shell, the most commonly used shell

in Linux is the bash shell.

SMP Symmetrical multiprocessing. Systems with more than one processor which

fairly share the work amongst those processors.

Socket A socket represents one end of a network connection, Linux supports the

BSD Socket interface.

Software CPU instructions (both assembler and high level languages like C) and

data. Mostly interchangable with Program.

System V A variant ofUnix

TM

produced in 1983, which included, amongst other

things, System V IPC mechanisms.

TCP Transmission Control Protocol.

Task Queue A mechanism for deferring work in the Linux kernel.

UDP User Datagram Protocol.

Virtual memory A hardware and software mechanism for making the physical

memory in a system appear larger than it actually is.

　

　

Bibliography （参考书目）

[1] Richard L. Sites. Alpha Architecture Reference Manual Digital Press

[2] Matt Welsh and Lar Kaufman. Running Linux O'Reilly & Associates, Inc, ISBN

1-56592-100-3

[3] PCI Special Interest Group PCI Local Bus Specification

[4] PCI Special Interest Group PCI BIOS ROM Specification

[5] PCI Special Interest Group PCI to PCI Bridge Architecture Specification

[6] Intel Peripheral Components Intel 296467, ISBN 1-55512-207-8

[7] Brian W. Kernighan and Dennis M. Richie The C Programming Language Pren-

tice Hall, ISBN 0-13-110362-8

[8] Steven Levy Hackers Penguin, ISBN 0-14-023269-9

[9] Intel Intel486 Processor Family: Programmer's Reference Manual Intel

[10] Comer D. E. Interworking with TCP/IP, Volume 1 - Principles, Protocols and

Architecture Prentice Hall International Inc

[11] David Jagger ARM Architectural Reference Manual Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-

736299-4